Trait: actinic keratosis

Trait Information
Identifier MONDO_0005173
Description A precancerous lesion of the skin composed of atypical keratinocytes. It is characterized by the presence of thick, scaly patches of skin. Several histologic variants have been described, including atrophic, acantholytic, and hyperkeratotic variants. [NCIT: P378]
Trait categories
Cancer
Other disease
Synonyms 4 synonyms
  • actinic (solar) keratosis
  • actinic keratosis
  • actinic keratosis (disease)
  • solar keratosis

Associated Polygenic Score(s)

Filter PGS by Participant Ancestry
Individuals included in:
G - Source of Variant Associations (GWAS)
D - Score Development/Training
E - PGS Evaluation
List of ancestries includes:
Display options:
Ancestry legend
Multi-ancestry (including European)
Multi-ancestry (excluding European)
African
East Asian
South Asian
Additional Asian Ancestries
European
Greater Middle Eastern
Hispanic or Latin American
Additional Diverse Ancestries
Not Reported
Polygenic Score ID & Name PGS Publication ID (PGP) Reported Trait Mapped Trait(s) (Ontology) Number of Variants Ancestry distribution
GWAS
Dev
Eval
 Scoring File (FTP Link)
PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Actinic keratosis actinic keratosis 6,794,567
-
 https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS020001/ScoringFiles/PGS020001.txt.gz

Performance Metrics

Disclaimer: The performance metrics are displayed as reported by the source studies. It is important to note that metrics are not necessarily comparable with each other. For example, metrics depend on the sample characteristics (described by the PGS Catalog Sample Set [PSS] ID), phenotyping, and statistical modelling. Please refer to the source publication for additional guidance on performance.

PGS Performance
Metric ID (PPM) 		Evaluated Score PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Performance Source Trait PGS Effect Sizes
(per SD change) 		Classification Metrics Other Metrics Covariates Included in the Model PGS Performance:
Other Relevant Information
PPM038281 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013904|
European Ancestry|
12,843 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis OR: 2.38 [2.27, 2.5] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 116x10-269
PPM038282 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013904|
European Ancestry|
12,843 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: >=20 actinic keratosis lesions OR: 5.06 [4.69, 5.46] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS, from multinomial logistic regression of AK burden (>20 vs 6-20 vs 1-5 vs none); P = 698x10-235
PPM038283 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013904|
European Ancestry|
12,843 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: >=20 actinic keratosis lesions (prediction) - simple clinical model — AUROC: 0.9 — age, sex, 10 PCs AUC with PRS = 090 vs AUC without PRS (age, sex, 10PCs only) = 077; 13% AUC improvement; P = 750x10-114
PPM038284 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013904|
European Ancestry|
12,843 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: >=20 actinic keratosis lesions (prediction) - comprehensive clinical model — AUROC: 0.92 — age, sex, 10 PCs, sunburn history, hair colour, sun exposure, skin colour AUC with PRS = 092 vs AUC without PRS = 086; 6% AUC improvement; P = 815x10-58
PPM038285 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013905|
European Ancestry|
203 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.79 [1.1, 2.91] AUROC: 0.8 — age (at transplant), sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 197x10-2 Sensitivity analysis adjusting for type of immunosuppression: OR per SD = 175 (95% CI 107-286, P = 0025) Second sensitivity analysis adjusting for cumulative immunosuppression over time (mono/double/triple therapy): OR per SD = 175 (95% CI 107-286, P = 0025) - consistent with main estimate
PPM038286 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013906|
European Ancestry|
963 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis (any AK, yes/no) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 2.49 [1.91, 3.23] AUROC: 0.76 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 925x10-12 Sensitivity analysis including transplant type as covariate: OR per SD = 272 (95% CI 194-382, P = 668x10-9)
PPM038287 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis (any AK, yes/no) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.52 [1.3, 1.7] AUROC: 0.73 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 357x10-12
PPM038288 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: >20 actinic keratosis lesions (vs none) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.99 [1.51, 2.61] AUROC: 0.82 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS, from multinomial logistic regression of AK burden; P = 896x10-7
PPM038289 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: 6-20 actinic keratosis lesions (vs none) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.7 [1.41, 2.05] AUROC: 0.78 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 250x10-8
PPM038290 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: 1-5 actinic keratosis lesions (vs none) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.36 [1.18, 1.67] AUROC: 0.82 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 239x10-5
PPM038291 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis in lung transplant recipients OR: 2.31 [1.58, 3.4] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS, subgroup by organ type; P = 190x10-5
PPM038292 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis in heart transplant recipients OR: 1.64 [1.28, 2.09] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS, subgroup by organ type; P = 684x10-5
PPM038293 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis in liver transplant recipients OR: 1.46 [1.08, 1.96] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS, subgroup by organ type; P = 136x10-2
PPM038294 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Actinic keratosis in kidney transplant recipients OR: 1.37 [1.15, 1.63] — — age, sex, 10 PCs OR per SD increase in PRS, subgroup by organ type; P = 512x10-4
PPM038295 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: AK-specific chemoprevention/field-therapy use (5-FU, imiquimod, or 3% diclofenac sodium) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.57 [1.36, 1.8] — — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 232x10-10
PPM038296 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: 5-fluorouracil use in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.61 [1.38, 1.88] AUROC: 0.73 — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 890x10-10
PPM038297 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Imiquimod use in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.64 [1.28, 2.09] — — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 726x10-05
PPM038298 PGS020001
(AK_PRS_SBayesRC)
 PSS013903|
European Ancestry|
1,826 individuals
 PGP000859 |
Parasuraman A et al. Am J Transplant (2026)
 Reported Trait: Any chemoprevention use (AK-specific agents plus nicotinamide, capecitabine, acitretin) in solid organ transplant recipients OR: 1.45 [1.29, 1.64] — — age, sex, 10 PCs, type of transplant OR per SD increase in PRS; P = 203x10-9

Evaluated Samples

PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Phenotype Definitions and Methods Participant Follow-up Time Sample Numbers Age of Study Participants Sample Ancestry Additional Ancestry Description Cohort(s) Additional Sample/Cohort Information
PSS013905 Actinic keratosis; via dermatologist examination —
[
  • 37 cases
  • , 166 controls
]
,
63.0 % Male samples
 Mean = 41.1 years
Sd = 13.25 years		 European — STAR Solid organ transplant recipients (Skin Tumors in Allograft Recipients Study)
PSS013906 ICD 10 L570 —
[
  • 104 cases
  • , 859 controls
]
,
72.0 % Male samples
 Mean = 69.9 years
Sd = 7.6 years		 European — UKB Solid organ transplant recipients from UK Biobank (distinct sub-population from the UKB GWAS discovery sample, which excluded SOTRs).
PSS013903 SNOMED CODES 138825, 4299672, 42709860, 4304266 —
[
  • 451 cases
  • , 1,375 controls
]
,
60.0 % Male samples
 Mean = 65.0 years
Sd = 13.4 years		 European — AllofUs Solid organ transplant recipients from All of Us (distinct sub-population from the AoU GWAS discovery sample, which excluded SOTRs). tive agent n=
PSS013904 Actinic keratosis; via self-report —
[
  • 8,739 cases
  • , 4,104 controls
]
,
44.0 % Male samples
 Mean = 57.04 years
Sd = 7.88 years		 European — QSKIN General-population (transplant-naive)